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Menstrual cycle and its phase

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Menstrual cycle and its phase Hello students and friends, today we are going to learn what is the menstrual cycle, its phase, symptoms, complications, and how the uterine changes occur. So, let's start with what is puberty? Puberty is the stage of life when childhood converts into adulthood. At this stage of life, the body will grow faster than at any other time. Development of secondary sexual characteristics. Male: 12-16 years Female: 10-16 years. There are five signs of puberty, given by Thanners and Marshal(scientists)- Thelarchae- Development of breast Adrenarche- Development of axillary hair(underarm hair) Pubarchae- Pubic hair Increase in height Menarche- In girls starting of the menstrual cycle(1st menses). There are 2 types of puberty- Precocious- there is the development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 10 years. Delayed- puberty comes after the age of 16 years. What is the menstrual cycle? In the female reproductive system, natural changes occur in a...
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Osteochondritis and its cause

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Osteochondritis and its cause 

Hello students and friends, today we are going to learn what is osteochondritis, its cause, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

It is also termed osteochondritis dissecans.
It is a painful type of osteochondrosis.
Occurs in the joints when blood supply to the joint is reduced and the bone gets soften.
In osteochondritis dissecans the cartilage or bone in the joint is inflamed.
Symptoms may appear late because it takes months or even years.
It usually affects the knee, ankle, and elbow.
It can occur in other joints also(shoulder and hip).
Sporadic osteochondritis dissecans- When only one lesion occurs in a single joint.

Symptoms

  1. Pain 
  2. Weakness
  3. Swelling
  4. Stiffness in the joints
  5. Clicking sound when joint moves
  6. Joint locking in one position
It occurs most often in children and adolescents (10-20years age).
It especially affects young athletes or those individuals who are most active in physical activities.

Causes

  1. The cause of sporadic osteochondritis is unknown.
  2. If it is familial osteochondritis then it is inherited by mutation of a gene(ACAN).
  3. Repeated trauma and stress to the joint can lead to osteochondritis.

Diagnosis

  1. Physical examination- people who have familial osteochondritis have short stature.
  2. Joint stability assessment
  3. X-ray- shows bone and its location with lesion and its size.
  4. CT-scan- it displays more internal details(blood vessels, soft tissue)
  5. Genetic testing is done to find out changes in genes, chromosomes, and protein.
  6. MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)- it is done along with ultrasound(US) to produce clear images of the affected cartilage.

Treatment

  • In children's and youngsters- sporadic osteochondritis dissecans will usually heal on their own as age increases.
  • Pain-relieving medications are administered- ibuprofen(Advil, Motrin).
  • Children and younger teens can relieve their pain and swelling on their own with rest and decreasing their physical activities(running, jumping, etc.)
  • After 6-12 weeks, the injured joint will start its normal functioning.
  • Activities must resume gradually to avoid joint damage again.
  • Crutches, braces, splints, and casts are used if healing is slow.
  • Physiotherapy management should be done for improvement in healing and normal joint functioning.

Surgical treatment

  • Surgery is performed arthroscopically.
  • Surgery is done through three techniques:
    1. A hole is drilled into the affected bone and cartilage.
    2. Screwing the detached bone and cartilage.
    3. Replacing the detached bone and cartilage by grafting.
When surgery is done successfully, crutches are suggested for about 6 weeks.
Physiotherapy for at least 2-4 months.
After 4-5 months, patients can gradually resume their activity.

Hope you all find this helpful for you, if you have any query related to this topic or any other topic then you all are free to contact me via contact us or you can also ask your doubts on the comment box. Thank you! 
Disclaimer for https://physioworldblog.blogspot.com/ If you require any more information or have any questions about our site's disclaimer, please feel free to contact us by email at deepikajoshi12347@gmail.com. Disclaimers for Physioworld's blog All the information on this website - https://physioworldblog.blogspot.com/ - is published in good faith and for general information purpose only. Update Should we update, amend or make any changes to this document, those changes will be prominently posted here.
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