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Menstrual cycle and its phase

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Menstrual cycle and its phase Hello students and friends, today we are going to learn what is the menstrual cycle, its phase, symptoms, complications, and how the uterine changes occur. So, let's start with what is puberty? Puberty is the stage of life when childhood converts into adulthood. At this stage of life, the body will grow faster than at any other time. Development of secondary sexual characteristics. Male: 12-16 years Female: 10-16 years. There are five signs of puberty, given by Thanners and Marshal(scientists)- Thelarchae- Development of breast Adrenarche- Development of axillary hair(underarm hair) Pubarchae- Pubic hair Increase in height Menarche- In girls starting of the menstrual cycle(1st menses). There are 2 types of puberty- Precocious- there is the development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 10 years. Delayed- puberty comes after the age of 16 years. What is the menstrual cycle? In the female reproductive system, natural changes occur in a
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Thoracic cage abnormalities and their management

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Thoracic Cage abnormalities and their management

Hello students and friends, today we are going to discuss what are the abnormalities seen in a thoracic cage or rib cage. These abnormalities can develop due to any disease or trauma to the rib cage.

What is thoracic cage abnormality?

Thoracic cage abnormalities include:

PECTUS EXCAVATUM

It is a congenital or genetic condition in children where several ribs and sternum (breastbone) grow abnormally inward. This gives a hollow appearance in the center of the chest. The posture of the patient also gets disturbed.
  • Also called “sunken chest” or “funnel chest.”
  • It can be mild, if it becomes severe then it can affect the heart and lungs. When it becomes severe, it may lead to breathlessness, chest pain, and irritation.

Treatment

  • Surgical repair is done under local anesthesia. Repair is typically done in the teenage years, once the pubertal growth spurt is completed.
  • Ravitch procedure and minimally invasive repair (Nuss procedure) are done to correct the deformity.

PECTUS CARINATUM

Anterior protrusion of the chest due to abnormal growth of the cartilages of the rib bones and the sternum. The costal cartilage overgrows forward or outward.  There can be asymmetry of the chest (one side more prominent than the other).

  • Also known as pigeon chest.
  • Boys>Girls
  • The heart and lungs don’t get affected. It is not always present at birth rather it can get worsen as the child grows older.
  • Associated with disorders including heart disease, scoliosis, kyphosis, Down syndrome, and Marfan syndrome.

Treatment

  • Bracing of the chest wall; 
  • Surgery is usually not needed and it is done under local anesthesia.
  • Ravitch procedure is done through a horizontal chest incision (mid-chest). Abnormal costal cartilages are drawn, preserving the lining that covers the outside of the cartilage, allowing the sternum to be driven downward in a more normal position.

Hope you all find this helpful for you, if you have any queries related to this topic or any other topic then you all are free to contact me via contact us or you can also ask your doubts in the comment box. Thank you! 

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