Menstrual cycle and its phase Hello students and friends, today we are going to learn what is the menstrual cycle, its phase, symptoms, complications, and how the uterine changes occur. So, let's start with what is puberty? Puberty is the stage of life when childhood converts into adulthood. At this stage of life, the body will grow faster than at any other time. Development of secondary sexual characteristics. Male: 12-16 years Female: 10-16 years. There are five signs of puberty, given by Thanners and Marshal(scientists)- Thelarchae- Development of breast Adrenarche- Development of axillary hair(underarm hair) Pubarchae- Pubic hair Increase in height Menarche- In girls starting of the menstrual cycle(1st menses). There are 2 types of puberty- Precocious- there is the development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 10 years. Delayed- puberty comes after the age of 16 years. What is the menstrual cycle? In the female reproductive system, natural changes occur in a...
EMPHYSEMA Emphysema ( Greek : emphysan : inflate Itself composed of en meaning in and physan meaning breath, blast) Emphysema means swelling. Emphysema is included in a group of the disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is often caused by long term exposure to air pollution or smoking. Emphysema causes dilation of air spaces by the destruction of the alveolar wall, leading to the collapse of alveoli during expiration. Emphysema is a long-term progressive disease of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath. There is the destruction of lung tissue around smaller sacs, called alveoli, which makes their air sacs unable to hold their functional shape upon exhalation. That is why it is called obstructive lung disease. ETIOLOGY 1)Tobacco smoking 2) Atmospheric pollution 3) Infections 4) Genetic factor 5) Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency 6) Inherited diseases (rare) [ Marfan syndrome, Menke's syndrome] 7) Severe cases of Alpha I a...
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