Menstrual cycle and its phase Hello students and friends, today we are going to learn what is the menstrual cycle, its phase, symptoms, complications, and how the uterine changes occur. So, let's start with what is puberty? Puberty is the stage of life when childhood converts into adulthood. At this stage of life, the body will grow faster than at any other time. Development of secondary sexual characteristics. Male: 12-16 years Female: 10-16 years. There are five signs of puberty, given by Thanners and Marshal(scientists)- Thelarchae- Development of breast Adrenarche- Development of axillary hair(underarm hair) Pubarchae- Pubic hair Increase in height Menarche- In girls starting of the menstrual cycle(1st menses). There are 2 types of puberty- Precocious- there is the development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 10 years. Delayed- puberty comes after the age of 16 years. What is the menstrual cycle? In the female reproductive system, natural changes occur in a...
Thoracic Cage abnormalities and their management Hello students and friends, today we are going to discuss what are the abnormalities seen in a thoracic cage or rib cage. These abnormalities can develop due to any disease or trauma to the rib cage. What is thoracic cage abnormality? Thoracic cage abnormalities include: PECTUS EXCAVATUM It is a congenital or genetic condition in children where several ribs and sternum (breastbone) grow abnormally inward. This gives a hollow appearance in the center of the chest. The posture of the patient also gets disturbed. Also called “sunken chest” or “funnel chest.” It can be mild, if it becomes severe then it can affect the heart and lungs. When it becomes severe, it may lead to breathlessness, chest pain, and irritation. Treatment Surgical repair is done under local anesthesia. Repair is typically done in the teenage years, once the pubertal growth spurt is completed. Ravitch procedure and minimally invasive repair (Nuss procedure) are done to co...
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