Physiology of heart and its abnormalities with medications 

Let's discuss the physiology of the heart, here we Include some topics related to the heart.
Here I'm also including a basic definition of all the medical terms used.
Firstly we have to know about systole and diastole, so at first, we discuss systole and diastole.

What is systole and what is diastole?
⟩ Systole occurs when there is a contraction of the heart and blood pumps out, diastole occurs when there is the relaxation of the heart after contraction.

CARDIAC CYCLE:

The cardiac cycle is defined as the sequence of events that occurs when the heart beats. In the cardiac cycle, there are four phases.

PHASES OF CARDIAC CYCLE:
1)Atrial systole
2)Atrial diastole
3)Ventricular systole
4)Ventricular diastole

Ventricular Systole= 0.3 seconds

Atrial Systole= 0.1 seconds

Atrial Diastole= 0.1 second

Ventricular Diastole = 0.3seconds

Total cardiac cycle = 0.8 seconds

CARDIAC OUTPUT:

~Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit per time.
Cardiac output = Stroke volume× Heart rate
                            = 70 ml/beat × 75 beats/ min
                            = 5.25 L/min.
"Stroke volume is defined as the vol. of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction".

Blood Pressure:

According to age:
~18 years of age :
Male: 120/80
Female: 120/80
~19-24 years of age :
Male: 120/79
Female: 120/79
~60+ age
Male:135/88
Female: 134/84
~Written in SBP/DBP.

Systolic blood pressure:

•Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure or force generated by left ventricle to distribute blood into the aorta with each contraction of the heart.

~90-135mmHg (120).

•Affected by carbon dioxide and atrial distension.

Diastolic blood pressure:

Diastolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure or force taken by the artery during the relaxation phase of the heart.

•DBP. is the ability of the heart to rest while filling with blood.

•Affected by peripheral vascular resistance.

•Between 60 to 85 mmHg (80).

Mean B.P= D.B.P + ⅓ P.P
Pulse pressure(P.P.)= S.B.P – D.B.P
D.B.P= diastolic blood pressure
B.P= blood pressure
P.P= pulse pressure
S.B.P = systolic blood pressure

HYPERTENSION:

Hypertension is a condition in which the force of the blood is high against the artery walls.
STAGE1- 130-139 mmHg of systolic B.P. and 80-89 mmHg of Diastolic B.P.
STAGE2- ≥140 mmHg of systolic B.P. and  ≥90 mmHg of Diastolic B.P.

Cardiac auscultation heart sound:

•Heart sound is produced from the turbulence of blood caused by the closing of the heart valves.
• S1– atrioventricular valve closure (LUB)
• S2– semilunar valve closure (DUB)
• S3– rapid ventricular filling
• S4–atrial systole
~S3 may be heard pathologically.
~S4 is usually produced in case of uncontrolled hypertension. It is late the diastolic sound associated with diastolic contraction.

HEART ABNORMALITIES ABD ITS MEDICATIONS

• Heart failure- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE), Beta-blockers, Nitrates
• High Blood Pressure - Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers
• Congestive heart failure - Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
• Chest pain(Angina pectoris)-Beta- blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Nitrates
• Arrhythmia- Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers
• Heart cholesterol level increases - Cholesterol-lowering medications are given
• Plaque buildup in the arteries- Antiplatelet agents
• Atrial fibrillation- Antiplatelet agents

Hope you all find this helpful for you, if you have any query related to this topic or any other topic then you all are free to contact me via contact us or you can also ask your doubts on the comment box. Thank you! 

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