Menstrual cycle and its phase Hello students and friends, today we are going to learn what is the menstrual cycle, its phase, symptoms, complications, and how the uterine changes occur. So, let's start with what is puberty? Puberty is the stage of life when childhood converts into adulthood. At this stage of life, the body will grow faster than at any other time. Development of secondary sexual characteristics. Male: 12-16 years Female: 10-16 years. There are five signs of puberty, given by Thanners and Marshal(scientists)- Thelarchae- Development of breast Adrenarche- Development of axillary hair(underarm hair) Pubarchae- Pubic hair Increase in height Menarche- In girls starting of the menstrual cycle(1st menses). There are 2 types of puberty- Precocious- there is the development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 10 years. Delayed- puberty comes after the age of 16 years. What is the menstrual cycle? In the female reproductive system, natural changes occur in a...
Pericarditis and its treatment
Hello students and friends, today we are going to learn what is pericarditis.
For understanding better about pericarditis, firstly let's discuss pericardium.
- The pericardium is the heart covering which has 2 layers:
- Parietal layer: also called as parietal pericardium; outer layer.
- Visceral layer: also called as epicardium; inner layer.
- These layers are separated by a pericardial cavity. It contains 15-50 ml of an ultrafiltrate of plasma.
So, this is a brief explanation of pericardium, now let us discuss pericarditis.
- Pericarditis is the condition in which inflammation of the pericardium occurs.
- It is classified into 3 types:
- Acute- less than 3 weeks.
- Sub-acute- 6 weeks to 6 months.
- Chronic- more than 6 months.
CAUSES
- Most commonly caused by echovirus or coxsackievirus.
- It is most commonly caused by viruses like echovirus or coxsackievirus & less frequently by influenza or HIV infections.
- Bacteria can also lead to bacterial pericarditis(also c/d as purulent pericarditis).
- Pericarditis can also be caused due to fungal infections.
- Some causes of pericarditis are unknown and this condition is termed as idiopathic pericarditis.
- Men>Women.
- Mostly affect men of age- 20-50 years.
- Other causes also include:
- Heart attack.
- Myocarditis.
- Radiation therapy to the chest.
- Immunosuppressants.
- Trauma or surgery to the chest, esophagus, or heart.
SYMPTOMS
- Anxiety.
- When a person goes into a lying down position then the difficulty in breathing occurs.
- Chest pain(may radiate to the neck, shoulder, back, or abdomen) due to rubbing of pericardium against the heart.
- Dry cough.
- Fatigue.
- Fever.
- In the case of pleuritis, when a person starts breathing, he/she need to bend over or hold the chest.
Pericarditis can be associated with some diseases like:
- Autoimmune disorders.
- HIV infection/ AIDS.
- Kidney failure.
- Tuberculosis.
- Cancer.
- Hypothyroidism.
- Rheumatic fever.
SIGNS
- When we place the stethoscope on the chest, then the sound of pericardial rub can be heard.
- The heart sound may be muffled.
- Pericardial effusion is seen in the heart when fluid is filled in the pericardium. So, muffled or distant sound can be heard.
- Crackle sound produced.
- Breath sound gets decreased.
TESTS
If the fluid is build-up in the pericardial sac, it may be seen in-- Chest X-Ray
- ECG
- Heart MRI & CT-scan
- Echocardiogram
- Radionuclide scanning.
- Heart enlargement
- Inflammation signs
- Constrictive pericarditis(scarring & contracture of pericardium).
- Blood culture
- CBC
- C-reactive protein
- ESR
- Tuberculin skin test
- HIV serology.
TREATMENT
- Analgesics- for pain relief
- Antibiotics- for treatment of bacterial pericarditis
- NSAIDs or aspirin- for the reduction in inflammation of the pericardium
- Antifungal drugs- for treatment of fungal pericarditis
- Corticosteroids(prednisolone)- in some patients
- If the fluid is build-up in the pericardium, then it affects the heart, and heart function gets affected and produces cardiac tamponade, it is necessary to drain fluid from the sac. This procedure of removal of fluid from the sac is called pericardiocentesis.
- May be done using echocardiography- guided needle or minor surgery
Hope you all find this helpful for you, if you have any query related to this topic or any other topic then you all are free to contact me via contact us or you can also ask your doubts on the comment box. Thank you!
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Vry intrsng
ReplyDeleteVery informative and useful content 👍
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