Skip to main content

Post you may also like

Menstrual cycle and its phase

By
Menstrual cycle and its phase Hello students and friends, today we are going to learn what is the menstrual cycle, its phase, symptoms, complications, and how the uterine changes occur. So, let's start with what is puberty? Puberty is the stage of life when childhood converts into adulthood. At this stage of life, the body will grow faster than at any other time. Development of secondary sexual characteristics. Male: 12-16 years Female: 10-16 years. There are five signs of puberty, given by Thanners and Marshal(scientists)- Thelarchae- Development of breast Adrenarche- Development of axillary hair(underarm hair) Pubarchae- Pubic hair Increase in height Menarche- In girls starting of the menstrual cycle(1st menses). There are 2 types of puberty- Precocious- there is the development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 10 years. Delayed- puberty comes after the age of 16 years. What is the menstrual cycle? In the female reproductive system, natural changes occur in a
4 comments

Pericarditis and its treatment

Image
By

Pericarditis and its treatment

Hello students and friends, today we are going to learn what is pericarditis.
For understanding better about pericarditis, firstly let's discuss pericardium.
  • The pericardium is the heart covering which has 2 layers:
  • Parietal layer: also called as parietal pericardium; outer layer.
  • Visceral layer: also called as epicardium; inner layer.
  • These layers are separated by a pericardial cavity. It contains 15-50 ml of an ultrafiltrate of plasma.
So, this is a brief explanation of pericardium, now let us discuss pericarditis.
  • Pericarditis is the condition in which inflammation of the pericardium occurs.
  • It is classified into 3 types:
  1. Acute- less than 3 weeks.
  2. Sub-acute- 6 weeks to 6 months.
  3. Chronic- more than 6 months.

CAUSES

  1. Most commonly caused by echovirus or coxsackievirus.
  2. It is most commonly caused by viruses like echovirus or coxsackievirus & less frequently by influenza or HIV infections.
  3. Bacteria can also lead to bacterial pericarditis(also c/d as purulent pericarditis).
  4. Pericarditis can also be caused due to fungal infections.
  5. Some causes of pericarditis are unknown and this condition is termed as idiopathic pericarditis.
  6. Men>Women.
  7. Mostly affect men of age- 20-50 years.
  8. Other causes also include:
  9. Heart attack.
  10. Myocarditis.
  11. Radiation therapy to the chest.
  12. Immunosuppressants.
  13. Trauma or surgery to the chest, esophagus, or heart.

SYMPTOMS

  1. Anxiety.
  2. When a person goes into a lying down position then the difficulty in breathing occurs.
  3. Chest pain(may radiate to the neck, shoulder, back, or abdomen) due to rubbing of pericardium against the heart.
  4. Dry cough.
  5. Fatigue.
  6. Fever.
  7. In the case of pleuritis, when a person starts breathing, he/she need to bend over or hold the chest.
Pericarditis can be associated with some diseases like:
  1. Autoimmune disorders.
  2. HIV infection/ AIDS.
  3. Kidney failure.
  4. Tuberculosis.
  5. Cancer.
  6. Hypothyroidism.
  7. Rheumatic fever.

SIGNS

  • When we place the stethoscope on the chest, then the sound of pericardial rub can be heard.
  • The heart sound may be muffled.
  • Pericardial effusion is seen in the heart when fluid is filled in the pericardium. So, muffled or distant sound can be heard.
If the disease is severe,
  • Crackle sound produced.
  • Breath sound gets decreased.

TESTS

If the fluid is build-up in the pericardial sac, it may be seen in-
  • Chest X-Ray
  • ECG
  • Heart MRI & CT-scan
  • Echocardiogram
  • Radionuclide scanning.
These test shows-
  • Heart enlargement
  • Inflammation signs
  • Constrictive pericarditis(scarring & contracture of pericardium).
Laboratory test-
  • Blood culture
  • CBC
  • C-reactive protein
  • ESR
  • Tuberculin skin test
  • HIV serology.

TREATMENT

  1. Analgesics- for pain relief
  2. Antibiotics- for treatment of bacterial pericarditis
  3. NSAIDs or aspirin- for the reduction in inflammation of the pericardium
  4. Antifungal drugs- for treatment of fungal pericarditis
  5. Corticosteroids(prednisolone)- in some patients
  6. If the fluid is build-up in the pericardium, then it affects the heart, and heart function gets affected and produces cardiac tamponade, it is necessary to drain fluid from the sac. This procedure of removal of fluid from the sac is called pericardiocentesis.
    • May be done using echocardiography- guided needle or minor surgery
If pericarditis is chronic, recurrent, or causes constrictive pericarditis, then the part of the pericardium must be removed.

Hope you all find this helpful for you, if you have any query related to this topic or any other topic then you all are free to contact me via contact us or you can also ask your doubts on the comment box. Thank you! 
Disclaimer for https://physioworldblog.blogspot.com/ If you require any more information or have any questions about our site's disclaimer, please feel free to contact us by email at deepikajoshi12347@gmail.com. Disclaimers for Physioworld's blog All the information on this website - https://physioworldblog.blogspot.com/ - is published in good faith and for general information purpose only. Update Should we update, amend or make any changes to this document, those changes will be prominently posted here.

Labels:

Comments

  1. Kapil pandeyOctober 10, 2020 at 3:20 AM

    Vry intrsng

    ReplyDelete
  2. Harish Chandra JoshiOctober 10, 2020 at 4:18 AM

    Very informative and useful content 👍

    ReplyDelete
  3. Kirti kaushalOctober 10, 2020 at 6:34 AM

    Very useful 👍

    ReplyDelete
  4. Chetan JoshiOctober 10, 2020 at 7:08 AM

    Very informative and useful 👌

    ReplyDelete
  5. Neema's KitchenNovember 2, 2020 at 4:10 AM

    Very useful content

    ReplyDelete
  6. Donna RobertApril 22, 2021 at 12:02 AM

    The worst time has passed”However, it is true that there are more improvements than before...because of the rising numbers of people living with HIV in the state of Nevada. How could they stigmatize all of them? Therefore everything becomes a little easier and we start to share everything... We also started to invite and visit each other in a community. You know, it is six years since I started taking antiretroviral drugs...Yet whatever problems I face, the worst time has passedWhen I was evicted from the family home by my mother, my father rented a small room for me. But my mother and brothers believed that having HIV was my own fault – and that I deserved to be punished...I also considered myself unworthy and without hope... But I have a child and eventually I convinced myself to live for my child’s sake.
    My mother knew nothing [about HIV]. She didn’t understand anything. Do you know why? She didn’t have [the chance] to go out of the house and communicate with society. However, my father does interact with the community. I know his friends are mature and dignified africa america. So he has a better understanding than her.My father came call me on a sadfull day sitting on my couch about a friend of his from africa who introduce him to Dr Itua herbal cure in africa in which he advise we should purchase his herbal medicine to cure my hiv so we did and Dr Itua prescribed I should drink the herbal medicine for two weeks to cure although we were so curious about the whole thing ,I finished the herbal medicine like he advised then he talked to me to visit my nearest clinic for check up I did and now I'm totally cured from Hiv my father was my rock and I and my family are now happy together also Dr Itua has be helpful in my community ever since he cure my Hiv so why I'm leaving my story on here today is to reach out someone out here to hope on God and never give up no matter the situation you that you are facing especially through this pandemic seasons which has really taught us all on how we should be helpful to each other and cherish one another.Dr Itua cures the following diseases..... Herpes,Liver cancer,Throat cancerLeukemia.,Alzheimer's disease,Chronic Diarrhea,Copd,Parkinson,Als,Adrenocortical carcinoma Infectious mononucleosis.
    Intestinal cancer,Uterine cancer,Fibroid,Bladder cancer,Hiv,Esophageal cancer,Gallbladder cancer,Kidney cancer,Hpv,Lung cancer,Melanoma,Mesothelioma,Multiple myeloma,Oral cancer,Sinus cancer,Hepatitis A,B/C,Skin cancer,Soft tissue sarcoma,Spinal cancer,Stomach cancer,Vaginal cancer,Vulvar cancer,
    Testicular cancer,Thyroid Cancer.You can contact Dr Itua Herbal Center on E-Mail: drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com Or Whats-App Chat : +2348149277967

    ReplyDelete

Post a Comment

Please do not enter any spam link in the comment box.

Popular posts from this blog

Lung anatomy, lobes, and fissures

By
Lung anatomy, lobes, and fissures Hello students and friends, today we are going to discuss lung anatomy , here we also learn what are bronchopulmonary segments, lobes of the lungs, fissures of the lungs, and also about its covering (pleura).  Tests, treatment, and conditions are also included in today’s topic. So let us start with its gross anatomy. Gross anatomy >Lungs are located in the chest on both sides of the heart in the rib cage(thoracic cavity). >They are conical in shape. >They are narrowly rounded – Apex at the top. >They have a broad base – rest on the diaphragm (matching its concavity) >The apex of the lung extends into the root of the neck and reaches shortly above the level of the sternal end of the 1st rib. >The medial surface of the lungs faces towards the center of the chest and lies against the heart, great vessels, and the carneae. Great vessels [IVC(Inferior vena cava), pulmonary artery, PV(pulmonary vein), SVC(superior vena cava), and aorta] w
21 comments
Read more

Rheumatoid arthritis

By
Rheumatoid arthritis  Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition characterized by chronic inflammation, granulosa tissue formation, and joint destruction. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common persistent inflammatory arthritis. The earliest change is swelling and congestion of the synovial membrane. MALE: FEMALE RATIO= 1:3. Up to 50% of genetic susceptibility is due to genes in the HLA region(particularly HLA-DR4). TNF(Tumor Necrosis Factor) plays a central role in triggering local inflammation and regulating cytokines responsible for the systemic effect of rheumatoid arthritis. Hypertrophy of the synovial membrane occurs, and inflammatory granulation tissue spreads over and under the articular cartilage, causing progressive cartilage destruction. CLINICAL FEATURES  INVOLVEMENT OF JOINTS -Most common joints   SMALL JOINTS 1) Metacarpophalangeal joints 2) Proximal interphalangeal joints 3)The most common presentation is with gradual onset of symmetrical arthralgia (joint pain) an
12 comments
Read more

EMPHYSEMA

By
EMPHYSEMA Emphysema ( Greek : emphysan : inflate Itself composed of en meaning in and physan   meaning breath, blast)  Emphysema means swelling. Emphysema is included in a group of the disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is often caused by long term exposure to air pollution or smoking. Emphysema causes dilation of air spaces by the destruction of the alveolar wall, leading to the collapse of alveoli during expiration. Emphysema is a long-term progressive disease of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath. There is the destruction of lung tissue around smaller sacs, called alveoli, which makes their air sacs unable to hold their functional shape upon exhalation. That is why it is called obstructive lung disease. ETIOLOGY 1)Tobacco smoking 2) Atmospheric pollution 3) Infections 4) Genetic factor 5) Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency 6) Inherited diseases (rare) [ Marfan syndrome, Menke's syndrome] 7) Severe cases of Alpha I antitrypsin
15 comments
Read more